Cotton cloth has no silky appearance and flamboyant personality, but it is loved by the world for its softness, durability and fit. Xinjiang was one of the earliest areas in China to use and produce cotton cloth. As early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties, cottonseed began to be produced. In 1996, archaeologists discovered the cotton cloth of the Western Han Dynasty in Luke, and in the end of the county; in 1959, Niya, Minfeng County The white cloth pants worn by the male and female corpses unearthed are made of cotton fiber. In addition, archaeologists also found cotton in the tombs of Mount Pula in Luopu County, Yingpan in Yuli County and Astana in Turpan, but there is a piece of cotton with its unique pattern and mysterious legendary colors. It is concerned by the researchers of textile history and art history, that is, the batik blue white-like printed cotton cloth which is found in the Niya site, which integrates textile, printing and dyeing and art.
Adili Abuli - the goddess Demuel on cotton
The portrait printed cotton cloth was found in the tomb of the Nia couples in Minfeng County in 1959. It was covered in the legs of the body when unearthed. The cotton has a length of 89 cm and a width of 48 cm. Although it is not complete, the pattern is very clear and beautiful. The central part of the cotton cloth has been missing, and only half of the bare feet and a lion's tail can be seen. Fortunately, in its lower left corner there is a box of about 32 cm square with a half-length statue. The goddess has a demeanor, a squint sideways, a calm and serene look, and a circular aura behind her. There are decorations on her neck and arms, and she holds a horn-shaped long container in her hand, which is full of fruit.
The pattern under the cotton cloth was once recognized as a Chinese dragon, but the strange thing is that the "dragon" has no claws, the upper and lower are the birds that want to fly, and the other monster bites the "dragon tail". Experts have a new saying: "Dragon" is not a dragon, but actually a squid. This fish and golden-winged bird is the mascot of Buddhism. In the middle of the cotton cloth, the original intact pattern, only one human foot and one lion claw exist. This goddess was originally regarded as a bodhisattva in Buddhism. This cotton cloth was once seen as imported from India. . However, with the deepening of the research, scholars have proposed many different interpretations. Some scholars believe that this picture is of Greek style. The angular container filled with grain is not a Buddhist instrument, but a rich angle in Greek mythology. The goddess in the picture is not a bodhisattva in Buddhism, but a demetery goddess Demeter in Greek mythology. Later, some scholars compared the pattern on the gold coins of the Guishuang Dynasty. They believed that the goddess on the cotton cloth should be the harvest goddess of Central Asia, Ardochsho. This kind of utensil was popular in Central Asia and was used. Pray for people to thrive and harvest the grain. This horn-shaped container is like the cornucopia of China. Whoever has it has an inexhaustible wealth.
After careful observation and research, the author believes that the goddess in cotton should be Demeter. Demeter is one of the top ten goddesses in Greece. It is the goddess of grain in the agriculture of the palm, also known as the goddess of fertility. She is the daughter of the god of peace, Cronus, the sister of the god Zeus. Her image is a kind woman, wearing a crown made of grain ears, holding a torch and a fruit basket, and elegant. She sometimes drives a chariot by horse or dragon, sometimes walking, sometimes sitting on the throne with her daughter, sometimes with Triptolemus.
Demeter is considered the embodiment of the grain in the hearts of the Greeks. Ancient Greek agriculture had developed to a certain extent and became a local pillar industry. Therefore, the worship of the earth began very early in Greece, and the earth has always been regarded as the source of life. Demuel originally only managed the fertility of the land, and later became the protector of agriculture. It is said that her attitude is very gentle, her face is always full of
A warm smile, in charge of the growth of plants, gave birth to life on the ground. She taught people to cultivate, give the earth a chance to save humanity from the low-level civilizations of hunting and sheep.
Xinjiang ancient cotton textile industry maintains a leading level
The design of this printed cotton cloth is undoubtedly very rich, and its mysterious color is also imaginative. So as the carrier of this work, where does the western cotton cloth come from? In the production of cotton and cotton textiles, India is much earlier than the Western Region. India has been able to produce cotton more than 3,000 years ago. Around the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, cotton planting technology was transmitted from India to the Western Region, and later from the Western Region to the Central Plains. The cotton produced in the Western Region in the late Eastern Han Dynasty is famous for its freshness in the Central Plains. Wei Wendi Cao Yu once said: Shanxi Huangbu is fine, Lelang is practicing fine, Jiangsu and Anhui Taiweibu are famous for white, but their freshness is not as good as that of Western cotton. According to the book Liang Shu Gaochang Biography, the Turpan Oasis was widely planted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and began to be used for weaving. In the tombs of the Gaochang period (6th century AD), silk and cotton interwoven brocade and white cotton cloth were unearthed; enamel and blue and white printed cotton cloth made of cotton cloth were unearthed from the tombs of the Northern Dynasty in Yutian County; in Astana, Turpan Found a contract for the borrowing of cotton and silver in the first year of peace (AD 551). From this contract, you can see that there are as many as 60 cotton borrows. These unearthed objects confirm the popularity of the cotton plant industry in the Western Region.
After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the exchanges between the Western Region and the Central Plains region became increasingly close, and the cotton cloth flowing into the Mainland gradually increased. The emperors of the Southern Dynasties often used cotton cloth to make clothes. With the smooth flow of the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty, the amount of cotton fabric produced in the northwest region has flowed into the Central Plains. During the first year of the Tang Dynasty, in the Gaochang area, in order to support the Tang Dynasty, the "Anshi Rebellion" was settled . A large number of munitions were collected and transported to the Central Plains. It was not until the Gaochang Kingdom period after the 9th century that cotton planting and weaving were established.
Later, cotton cultivation techniques were introduced into the interior, but the planting range was relatively small. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the cotton planting area in China was limited to Shaanxi, Gansu, Fujian and Guangdong. In the Ming Dynasty, cotton was widely planted all over the country. After the cotton cloth was introduced into the mainland, it has long been loved by the people of the Central Plains. It not only played an important role in improving the clothing structure of the people of all ethnic groups in China, but also made significant contributions to the cotton planting and textile industry in China.
The earliest prints in China
Many researchers have listed this portrait as a print, and printmaking is an important category of visual art in today's world. Generalized prints may include prints that were previously printed prior to the industrialization of printing. Ancient prints mainly refer to woodcuts, and there are also a few copper engravings and color seals. The unique knife and wood taste makes it an independent artistic value and status in the history of Chinese culture and art.
The reason why this portrait of printed cotton cloth is listed as a print work, scholars infer that the legendary pattern on cotton cloth uses the method of engraving and printing. First, the pattern is carved on a wooden board with a knife, and it is hollowed out. Then the wooden template is placed on the cotton cloth, and the hollowed-out part is coated with an anti-staining agent to remove the hollow template, leaving a very beautiful pattern on the cotton cloth. This collection integrates textile, art, sculpture and printing. It not only has a history of printing and dyeing in China, but also occupies a certain position in the history of art. In 1988, the portrait printed cotton cloth was crossed by Dongpu, and it was exhibited in the "Chinese Prints Two Thousand Years Exhibition" held at the International Printmaking Art Museum in Machida City, Japan. It was displayed in the first place of 450 ancient prints and attracted the attention of scholars. It is considered to be The earliest prints in China and the world.
The portrait printed cotton cloth unearthed at the Niya site shows that it was possible for the ancient residents of the Western Region to master this engraving printing technique before 1800. The pattern on this piece of cotton has not been so fresh and rich for more than 1800 years. The goddess, the squid, the chasing bird, the unidentified human foot and the lion's tail are all vividly carved out. It is a pity that the template of the sculpture was not found in the tomb, and it was a fascinating story for the descendants.
The origins of Chinese prints include the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Six Dynasties and even the Sui Dynasty. The earliest editions of China's existing prints, which have been engraved for years, are the first pictures of the world-famous "Hantong" this "King Kong Prajna Paramita". According to the inscription, it was made in 868 AD. The figure printed on the Niya site in Minfeng County is about a thousand years earlier than the first picture of the "King Kong Prajna Paramita".
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